Lange Mammography Practice Exam

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• What happens to the latent PSP image energy over time?
• The most common cause of undercompression is?
• Does spot compression employ a coned collimated field to limit the area of interest?
• From which region is tissue harvested for a DIEP flap breast reconstruction?
• What is a disadvantage of lossless compression?
• What are the symptoms of very early DCIS?
• Which pair of imaging modalities is commonly used to guide cyst aspiration in breast imaging?
• The primary goal of compression is to:
• Regardless of the reason, if the proper amount of compression cannot be applied which of the following must apply?
• MRI could be used for what primary purpose in breast evaluation?
• Which statement about high transmission grids is true?
• Positron emission tomography/mammography imaging is useful in staging tumors because:
• Cancer staging determines which three aspects?
• A lesion moved up on the ML projection from its original position on MLO. The location of the lesion within the breast is where?
• For tall, slender patients, the recommended MLO angulation is approximately?
• A system used to store 6-12 months of image data retrievable within a few minutes is
• If magnification is performed without using a small focal spot, the resulting image will be magnified and what?
• The principle of mobile versus fixed tissue is used in mammography positioning to image the maximum what?
• Which projection can be used to give a profile image of the area in question without superimposition of breast tissue?
• Which lesion can be mistaken for carcinoma but is not typically associated with skin thickening or dimpling?
• Which mammography quality control test is performed as needed?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of filtration in mammography to manage photon energies?
• Glandular tissue is typically located in which region?
• In the SIO projection for mammography, which surface of the breast rests on the detector?
• In positioning for MLO, the tube is always angled how many degrees?
• At higher magnification factors, what happens to the source-to-object distance (SOD)?
• Which projection is especially useful when analyzing calcifications?
• The monitor used to interpret mammograms in the workflow is the Review Workstation monitor
• What is the QC measure called to ensure the lead interpreting radiologist is aware of all quality control tests and their frequencies?
• The stage described by a tumor of any size that has spread to the chest wall and/or skin of the breast, and up to 10 axillary or clavicular lymph nodes, is described as which stage?
• ACS recommends what for new masses or lumps?
• The surgical procedure that removes one to three axillary lymph nodes for testing is called what?
• In taking medical history, hormone use (both natural and artificial) is taken into account because ?
• Which term stands for the distance between the X-ray source and the object region in radiography?
• Which test requires the use of a densitometer?
• In the rolled superior (RS) position, which statement is true?
• How long do you have to wait to image an irradiated breast?
• Which alternative projection could be used in addition to CC, in imaging a patient with a pacemaker?
• The terminal duct lobular unit is comprised of which components?
• In general, when imaging tall, thin patients, the angulation is adjusted to what degree?
• The monitor used to interpret mammograms is the
• Cyst aspiration can be performed using which imaging modalities?
• A grid is not necessary during magnification because of what?
• For a woman whose sister has breast cancer, the risk of developing breast cancer is approximately what?
• What does DIEP stand for in breast reconstruction?
• LMO stands for which mammography projection?
• What is the typical thickness of slices in the system, as described?
• Which option correctly describes the capabilities of magnification for calcifications?
• Mammography facilities can receive certification from which two places?
• The device used to convert films to digital image is called what?
• Under the line-focus principle, the effective focal spot is which of the following relative to the actual focal spot?
• Which factor is most often responsible for undercompression in mammography?
• A lesion that can be a huge encapsulated mass occupying the entire breast is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• Which statement best characterizes the signs of ductal ectasia?
• Which projection is used to image tissue extending laterally under the arm, in addition to CC?
• Which system is most likely to use a slit collimator rather than a grid?
• Line pair per millimeter is the unit of
• The greatest disadvantage of magnification is what?
• The terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) consists of which structures?
• What color light is emitted in the described photostimulable luminescence phenomenon?
• Which symptom is most often associated with breast disease but may not be seen on a mammogram?
• The chest wall edge of the compression paddle should be aligned just beyond the chest wall edge of the detector to:
• In verification of patient information, what is the purpose of repeating information?
• Which option best describes the function of CAD in breast imaging in terms of image interpretation?
• Which statement about the IMF on the MLO projection is correct?
• Which cells line the alveoli in breast lobules?
• The portion of the breast that contains the milk-producing element is the
• A mammographic pattern with spicules radiating from a central mass is best described as which type?
• Which law describes how scatter intensity relates to distance in radiographic imaging?
• With recent post surgery/sternal wires, what is a good alternative for RMLO?
• A patient with pectus excavatum may present a positioning problem because the patient has what limiting structure?
• What is the typical mammographic appearance of the breast in a lactating patient?
• In the LMO projection, the beam is directed from which aspect to which aspect of the breast?
• Risk factors associated with taking hormone replacement therapy include
• If the focal spot size of a mammography unit is 0.3 mm, what does this indicate about the effective focal spot?
• What is the primary purpose of probing questions?
• One reason to take magnified images of the tumor bed after lumpectomy is to
• Cooper ligaments attach anteriorly to which structure?
• Exit port of the tube, compression paddle, and the mirror assembly are all examples of what kind of filtration?
• What is the purpose of sentinel lymph node biopsy?
• Image compression is often required to allow which type of radiography?
• Which of the following is considered a minor risk factor for breast cancer?
• In analog mammography, which target-filtration combination provides the best penetration for dense or thick breast tissue?
• The basement membrane separates which two tissue layers?
• In addition to the routine series, after lumpectomy, many patients can also be imaged using what view?
• Which term describes emission of light when trapped electrons are stimulated to release energy?
• Most MRI risks in breast imaging are associated with which material type?
• Calcifications seen on a mammogram suspected to be in the skin should be confirmed using which projection?
• The design of the lip of the compression paddle (both height and angle along the chest wall) affects all of the following except which?
• On the phantom QA test, how many fibers should be visible?
• What does the actual focal spot size measure?
• Reviewing a prior mammogram helps determine whether the current exam is which type?
• Which statement describes the effect of using a larger detector on spatial resolution?
• Which view is commonly added after lumpectomy to the imaging protocol?
• The CC projection in males will present the same difficulty as imaging small, firm-breasted females. An added problem may be what?
• When imaging using the from below projection, the area of the breast that will likely be missed is
• In phantom QA testing, how many specks should be visible?
• Digital mammography phantom requires a minimum of how many masses?
• When positioning for right CC, where is the patient's left arm placed?
• The projection that shows the most breast tissue is which view?
• In a non-scintillator direct-based flat-panel digital mammography system, the x-ray beam strikes which material?
• In mammography, the commonly used focal spot size for routine work is?
• Which projection can be used instead of CC to image patients with severe kyphosis?
• The length of the posterior nipple line visualized on CC should be within how many centimeters of the PNL on the MLO?
• Which QC metric is used to quantify how often repeats occur and may trigger process changes?
• If the mammo unit is positioned too high during CC projection, which tissue areas are lost?
• On a mammogram, an oval lesion with mixed radiolucent and radiopaque contents, a central radiolucent area, and the lesion is freely movable is most likely which structure?
• Montgomery glands are specialized?
• Which projection/position can be performed with any patient orientation, with or without magnification?
• Morgagni tubercles are usually found on which part of the breast?
• Tamoxifen is best described as which type of therapy?
• Can health care records be used in a court of law?
• What is the five-year survival rate for Stage 0 breast cancer?
• Digital images are printed using what?
• In CC projection, if the mammo unit is raised too high, the IMF is over-elevated, resulting in the loss of which two tissue areas?
• A keratosis is demonstrated mammographically as which type of lesion?
• Which QA test uses a densitometer to assess output?
• Compression helps visualize borders of circumscribed lesions by which mechanism?
• What is a primary benefit of breast compression in mammography?
• Informed consent implies that the patient has NOT signed the authorization for treatment.
• Skin thickening can be malignant but could also be caused by nonmalignant factors, such as which condition?
• If a lesion on the lateral aspect of the breast is not seen on the CC view, which additional projection could image the lesion?
• The photoconductor in the direct digital radiography system converts x-rays to what?
• During magnification, positioning the breast away from the detector utilizes which law/principle in scatter reduction?
• Manual compression in mammography depends on which two main things?
• Which carries milk from the lobules toward the nipple?
• In general, greater magnification will require the use of a what?
• In the MQSA compression test, the maximum compression for the initial power drive should not exceed how many newtons?
• Which projection should be used to confirm skin calcifications?
• Which of the following are recommended for women with painful breasts?
• Which term describes higher intensity on the cathode side?
• Does an inverted nipple indicate breast cancer?
• Why is the exit port material used on the mammography tube necessary?
• In magnification mammography, what immediate role does a larger object-to-image receptor distance play in reducing scattered radiation?
• The thickest skin portion of the breast is located in which area?
• Which statement best reflects PSP/CM technology as described?
• Which projection is described as likely to miss the posterior breast area?
• Immediately behind the nipple, there is a widened area of the collecting duct called the
• What does teleradiography refer to in radiologic practice?
• If the MLO projection cannot be performed, which projection could be used as an alternative?
• If a lesion is moved up on ML from MLO, where is it located within the breast?
• Glandular tissue is usually found in which region of the breast?
• Which reconstructive technique involves removing tissue from the abdomen and transferring it to the breast while preserving the abdominal muscle?
• Ductal ectasia occurs in which breast structure?
• Which statement best describes photostimulable luminescence?
• Milky discharge from the nipple is considered worrisome: True or False?
• Which modified projection has the superior aspect rolled medially?
• Which projection could be used in addition to CC to image a patient with a pacemaker?
• Which technique is used to guide reductions in the number of lymph nodes removed during evaluation for breast cancer spread?
• Which projection names include an oblique orientation and are used in mammography?
• A patient presents with an asymptomatic, oval, lobulated breast tumor with indistinct margins and no halo sign. This lesion is more likely to be:
• Which unit is used to describe spatial frequency in mammography detectors?
• What is the biggest risk factor for breast cancer?
• What is the compression thickness indicator test?
• What is the first step in the breast self-examination process?
• Which benign inflammatory condition of the lactiferous ducts leads to nipple discharge, nipple inversion, or periareolar sepsis?
• Which labeling is not required by MQSA for a mammographic image?
• Which projection is used to best visualize the tail of the breast?
• Which symptom of a possible breast disease may not be demonstrated on a mammogram?
• The exit port material is used to avoid beam hardening; using standard glass would harden the beam. Which of the following best expresses this?
• In digital breast tomosynthesis tubes with tungsten targets, which filtration material is used?
• Which description best identifies a hamartoma in the breast?
• Triangulation technique is used for which purpose?
• In the PSP/CR system, which component collects the light emitted by trapped electrons?
• Which factor may complicate CC imaging in males?
• Which material is NOT listed as a capture element in flat-panel detector systems?
• Glandular tissue is typically found in which region of the breast?
• In assessing the degree of compression for any one patient, which two considerations should be taken into account?
• Why should the technologist review the previous mammogram report?
• The detector element in a mammography detector is housed within which component?
• What is the optimal duration of tamoxifen treatment?
• The five-year survival rate for a patient with Stage 0 breast cancer is
• The cells lining the alveoli in breast lobules are called which of the following?
• Spot compression employs a coned collimated field to limit the area of interest.
• Which organization is cited as recommending that new breast lumps be checked by a health care provider?
• Breast compression is optimized when the patient understands and cooperates.
• Ultrasonography uses what to image the breast?
• How long should a facility maintain records of serious complaints?
• Which technique is used to eliminate scatter in the photon-counting digital systems?
• The SIO projection will best demonstrate which?
• An artifact caused by dust is more common in which imaging system?
• Which projection is best for a non-superimposed profile view of the area?
• Which statement about the Mag view is true?
• The intensity of the x-ray beam from the cathode side of the tube is generally higher because:
• Lack of breast compression is most likely to cause which artifact in mammography?
• Which statement about detector elements in digital mammography is correct?
• During needle localization, what is the best placement for the needle wire?
• When imaging breast implants in the CC position using the ID technique, the breast tissue is pulled or pushed in which direction?
• Scintillators are used to convert which form of radiation into light?
• Magnification can be used to assess what aspect of a lesion?
• Magnification can be used to assess which combination of calcification characteristics?
• The breast extends vertically from which ribs?
• Which is a primary dose-related drawback of magnification in mammography?
• The type of X-rays created from displacement of K-shell-binding electrons in molybdenum is called what?
• How many lobes does the normal breast have?
• In the MLO projection, fat should be posterior to fibroglandular tissues.
• Which statement about CC imaging in males is true?
• Which margins of the breast are most mobile?
• If any breast tissue is poorly imaged on the MLO projection, it is likely to be which area of tissue?
• Ultrasonography of the breast is often used to?
• Which statement best explains why the effective focal spot can be smaller than the actual focal spot in a tube design?
• Which lesion is commonly mistaken for carcinoma but is typically not associated with skin changes?
• What feature of high transmission cellular grids allows them to maintain equal or less radiation dose to the patient compared with linear grids?
• The last degree of compression should be applied manually.
• Which statements about mammography filtration are true?
• The detector element is located in the what?
• A benign, self-limiting breast tumor resulting from disorganized cell growth is called?
• A computer network system that allows images to be viewed at various monitors or transmitted or stored is called
• In an 8-hour period, what percentage of energy does the latent PSP image lose?
• Under which circumstances would the triangulation technique be necessary?
• Which modality is described as an adjunctive tool in diagnosing cancer?
• Which view helps determine if a lesion is above or below the nipple line?
• What measure is recommended to compensate for loss of image detail during magnification?
• In what age group are breast cysts least common?
• Which statement about very early DCIS is accurate?
• Which projection could be used in addition to CC for imaging a patient with a pacemaker?
• In routine mammography, the primary purpose of the grid is to do what?
• In positioning for the XCCL projection, if the shoulder of the affected side is in the way of the compression device, what should be done?
• MRI uses what two things to image the breast?
• In radiographic geometry, which option correctly expands the acronym OID (as used in mammography discussions)?
• Grids with strips that are linear but slanted to match the divergence of the x-ray beam are ______ grids
• A thin supportive layer located between the basal surface of the epithelium and the connective tissue layer of the lobule is called what?
• How long can the latent image on a PSP last?
• In high transmission grids, what material makes up the interspace?
• Additional projections after a routine four-projection mammographic series are performed if which conditions are present?
• MRI is ideal for what?
• Which system allows images to be viewed across multiple monitors or transmitted?
• When using magnification with the goal of increasing detail, which practice helps maintain image quality?
• Filtration in mammography serves to adjust specific aspects of the beam, including shaping and HVL; which option best reflects this role?
• For patients with implants, which projection could be included as an additional view?
• Which system is likely to have a slit collimator system instead of a grid?
• The absorbed dose in mammography is generally ______ than the entrance skin exposure.
• The density most associated with nursing is which condition?
• In flat-panel detector systems, spatial resolution is controlled by what?
• In breast cancer staging, N1 indicates cancer involves how many axillary lymph nodes?
• Which imaging method uses magnets and radio waves?
• Which tissue area is emphasized when using the mobile versus fixed tissue principle on the MLO projection?
• A patient with pectus excavatum may present positioning problems due to which structural abnormality?
• Grid ratio used in mammography?
• Sometimes described as an oil cyst, this lesion represents an encapsulated area on the mammogram and can be caused by surgery, biopsy, trauma or radiation therapy.
• In which modified projection is the superior aspect of the breast rolled medially?
• Which item is NOT required information on an informed consent?
• What is the function of the filter in mammography?
• The single projection that will best visualize the maximum amount of breast tissue is what view?
• In digital imaging, the graph of optical density range to the log of relative exposure is what kind of curve?
• Line pair per millimeter is a unit used to measure which imaging attribute?
• The position used to determine whether an abnormality is superior or inferior to the nipple is what position?
• Which factors contribute to higher skin dose when using magnification in mammography?
• Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to lumpectomy?
• What is CAD used to do in mammography analysis?
• Eight bits equals one
• Which breast biopsy method is typically the least expensive and least invasive?
• Where are veins normally located in the breast?
• On the MLO projection, the pectoralis muscle should be at or below the posterior nipple line.
• Which description correctly describes the RM technique?
• Magnification of calcifications can be used to assess which single aspect?
• A device used to convert light to a digital signal is which of the following?
• A single binary digit of data, such as '0' or '1', is called a?
• Are grids used in mammography during normal imaging or magnification imaging?
• What material are grid strips made of in high transmission grids?
• Which factor is the single largest risk factor for breast cancer?
• Why are grids not used in magnification imaging?
• Magnification is beneficial in most situations, except what?
• Which imaging technique uses high-frequency sound waves to image the breast?
• Aluminum filtration is likely to be matched with what material target?
• Which factor is most associated with an increase in breast fibroglandular density on mammography, aside from natural aging?
• The mammogram of a woman age 50 who has recently started estrogen replacement therapy is likely to show a breast that is
• Which projection is used to determine whether a lesion is medial or lateral to the nipple?
• Cyst aspiration describes the removal of what from the cyst?
• What is a disadvantage to the Hologic mammography system?
• Which projection best demonstrates details of the medial breast structures?
• Which of the following is a disadvantage of PSP or CM technology?
• Which statement correctly describes the RM technique for rolling the breast?
• Which visual checklist test must be performed before clinical use?
• The LM projection serves as an alternative to the MLO projection in breast imaging.
• The thin-film transistor (TFT) in flat-panel detector systems collects which particles?
• At higher magnification factors, what two things happen?
• Motion on images obtained with the Hologic unit is best appreciated on which workstation?
• Which statement about Fine Needle Biopsy (FNB) is true?
• For someone with a lot of tissue extending laterally under the arm, what projection should be taken in addition to the CC?
• The air gap technique in magnification increases subject contrast by reducing what?
• 2D reconstruction of a 3D mammography image is referred to as which imaging technique?
• A woman with the greatest risk of developing breast cancer would be above what age?
• Which statement is true regarding the relationship between absorbed dose and entrance skin exposure in mammography?
• In the PSP computer reader (CR), the photo-multiplier tube does what?
• Which rare cancer presents with swelling, warmth, erythema and skin thickening?
• Which questioning technique helps verify the accuracy of patient information during verification?
• Which modality helps determine whether a lesion is solid or cystic?
• What is the main purpose of hormone replacement therapy?
• In lactating patients, which imaging finding increases glandularity and often prompts postponement?
• A routine series on patients with encapsulated implants could include an additional projection, such as what view?
• The results from which technique are often used to reduce the number of lymph nodes removed during assessment for breast cancer spread?
• In the CC projection of the breast, the detector is positioned how?
• What is the general purpose of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer?
• Which statement about Cooper ligaments is correct?
• Aluminum is used as the filtration in what type of mammography tube?
• Which section of the breast is poorly visualized on the CC projection?
• Which two entities can grant certification to mammography facilities?
• In breast imaging, glandular dose measures what?
• What is the remote transmission of images called?
• Which of the following is a contraindication to lumpectomy due to breast size relative to the tumor?
• Which material is the aluminum filtration typically paired with in mammography X-ray tube design?
• The FB projection is primarily used for which condition?
• What projection is used to spread out the tissue and improve resolution on a localized area of interest?
• What affects focal spot size?
• Which lesion is a large encapsulated mass most commonly associated with a benign lipomatous tumor?
• What must be visually checked before clinical use of imaging equipment as part of the visual checklist?
• In addition to the routine CC and MLO projections, which projection is routinely added after mastectomy?
• If patient volume at a mammography site is 250 patients per week, the repeat/reject analysis could be performed every how often?
• Paget's disease is a form of carcinoma associated with changes in the nipple.
• Which statement about PSP latent images is true?
• Which projection can be used to prove breast calcifications are benign 'teacup shaped'?
• What is a hamartoma?
• Which biopsy technique often requires a cytology technologist on site?
• The two-step method for BSE is to
• For a menstruating woman, when is the best time to perform a BSE?
• In phantom QA testing, how many masses should be visible?
• In phantom QA testing, how many fibers should be visible?
• If the backup time stops a breast exposure, the technologist can repeat the radiograph using what adjustment?
• In routine mammography, the glandular dose per projection is generally about
• Which technique is used to eliminate scatter in photon-counting digital systems?
• Which projection is commonly included in the routine postmastectomy imaging series to evaluate the chest wall?
• The 'implant in place' projections taken on patients with breast implants requires compression for what reason?
• What structure primarily provides support for the breast and helps determine its shape?
• Lymph drainage from the medial half of the breast is directed to which lymph nodes?
• Which test assesses the accuracy of the indicated compression thickness on the mammography unit?
• After lumpectomy, magnified imaging may be used to check which finding associated with treatment?
• How many projections are routinely required to image a patient with implants?
• Why is the specimen magnified?
• In the rolled superior (RS) position, the surface furthest from the detector is rolled in which direction?
• The sentinel lymph node is the first node to drain lymph from the tumor area.
• Images that involve exposure to the patient are considered what in QC terms?
• When imaging breasts in the CC position, using the ID technique, the breast tissue is pulled or pushed where?
• Which technologist test is performed semi-annually?
• What are the first and second leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women in the US, according to the material?
• What term describes an overgrowth of cells in the ducts or lobules of the breast?
• Magnification of calcifications helps determine which aspect?
• The air gap in magnification allows increase subject contrast by?
• Emission of bluish-purple light from electrons as they transition from higher energy to a lower energy state is called?
• Which nonmalignant condition is listed as a possible cause of skin thickening in the breast area?
• A radiographic pattern described as having radiating spicules from a central mass is best termed what?
• Which term describes the 2D image produced from a 3D dataset?
• The portion of the breast that contains the milk-producing element is the
• Using a small focal spot size is recommended for magnification to compensate for what?